Docker cho Database: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Redis — vanngoctan.com

Docker

Docker cho Database: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Redis

Chạy MySQL, PostgreSQL, Redis trong Docker giống như có tủ lạnh chuyên dụng cho từng loại thực phẩm — một lệnh là có ngay database sẵn sàng. Kèm Compose full stack, backup/restore và replication.

15 phút đọc06/04/2026

Mục lục bài viết42

Bạn có biết?

Bạn có biết rằng việc chạy database trong Docker giống như có một tủ lạnh chuyên dụng cho từng loại thực phẩm vậy? MySQL như ngăn đông lạnh, PostgreSQL như ngăn mát, còn Redis như ngăn đá khô. Mỗi container database được setup chỉ trong vài giây, bạn chỉ cần gõ lệnh là có ngay một database sẵn sàng sử dụng.

MySQL

Chạy MySQL Container

docker run -d --name mysql-db 
  -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=secret 
  -e MYSQL_DATABASE=mydb 
  -e MYSQL_USER=app 
  -e MYSQL_PASSWORD=apppass 
  -p 3306:3306 
  -v mysql-data:/var/lib/mysql 
  mysql:8

Kết nối

docker exec -it mysql-db mysql -u root -p

Connection: localhost:3306

Environment variables quan trọng

MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD — password cho user root (bắt buộc)
MYSQL_DATABASE — tự động tạo database khi khởi động
MYSQL_USER / MYSQL_PASSWORD — tạo user thường

PostgreSQL

Chạy PostgreSQL Container

docker run -d --name postgres-db 
  -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=secret 
  -e POSTGRES_DB=mydb 
  -e POSTGRES_USER=app 
  -p 5432:5432 
  -v postgres-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data 
  postgres:15

Kết nối

docker exec -it postgres-db psql -U app -d mydb

Connection: localhost:5432

Environment variables quan trọng

POSTGRES_PASSWORD — password cho user postgres (bắt buộc)
POSTGRES_DB — tạo database mặc định
POSTGRES_USER — tạo user thường

Redis

Chạy Redis Container

docker run -d --name redis-cache 
  -p 6379: 
  -v redis-data:/data 
  redis:

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docker run -d --name redis-cache 
  -e REDIS_PASSWORD=secret 
  -p 6379:6379 
  redis:7

docker exec -it redis-cache redis-cli

redis-cli -a secret

version: "3.8"
services:
  mysql:
    image: mysql:8
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: secret
      MYSQL_DATABASE: mydb
    volumes:
      - mysql-data:/var/lib/mysql
    networks:
      - db-network
  
  postgres:
    image: postgres:15
    environment:
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: secret
      POSTGRES_DB: mydb
    volumes:
      - postgres-data:/var/lib/postgresql/data
    networks:
      - db-network
  
  redis:
    image: redis:7
    networks:
      - db-network

volumes:
  mysql-data:
  postgres-data:
networks:
  db-network:
    driver: bridge

-v mysql-data:/var/lib/mysql

healthcheck:
  test: ["CMD", "mysqladmin", "ping", "-h", "localhost"]
  interval: 10s
  timeout: 5s
  retries: 5

docker run -d --name mongo-db 
  -e MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_USERNAME=admin 
  -e MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_PASSWORD=secret 
  -p 27017:27017 
  -v mongo-data:/data/db 
  mongo:7

docker exec -it mongo-db mongosh -u admin -p secret

services:
  mongo:
    image: mongo:7
    environment:
      MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_USERNAME: admin
      MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_PASSWORD: secret
    volumes:
      - mongo-data:/data/db
    ports:
      - "27017:27017"

volumes:
  mongo-data:

# Export database
docker exec mysql-db mysqldump -u root -psecret mydb > backup.sql

# Import vào database khác
cat backup.sql | docker exec -i mysql-db mysql -u root -psecret mydb

# Migration với file SQL
docker cp migration.sql mysql-db:/tmp/
docker exec mysql-db mysql -u root -psecret mydb < /tmp/migration.sql

# Export
docker exec postgres-db pg_dump -U app mydb > backup.sql

# Import
cat backup.sql | docker exec -i postgres-db psql -U app mydb

#!/bin/bash
# docker-migrate.sh
DB_CONTAINER=$1
DB_NAME=$2
DB_USER=$3
MIGRATIONS_DIR=./migrations

for file in $(ls $MIGRATIONS_DIR/*.sql | sort); do
  echo "Running migration: $file"
  cat $file | docker exec -i $DB_CONTAINER psql -U $DB_USER $DB_NAME
  echo "Done: $file"
done

#!/bin/bash
# backup-dbs.sh
BACKUP_DIR="/backup/$(date +%Y%m%d)"
mkdir -p $BACKUP_DIR

# Backup MySQL
docker exec mysql-db mysqldump --all-databases -u root -psecret 
  | gzip > $BACKUP_DIR/mysql-all.sql.gz

# Backup PostgreSQL
docker exec postgres-db pg_dumpall -U app 
  | gzip > $BACKUP_DIR/postgres-all.sql.gz

# Backup Redis
docker exec redis-cache redis-cli SAVE
docker cp redis-cache:/data/dump.rdb $BACKUP_DIR/redis-dump.rdb

# Xóa backup cũ hơn 7 ngày
find /backup -type d -mtime +7 -exec rm -rf {} \;

echo "Backup completed: $BACKUP_DIR"

# Restore MySQL
gunzip < mysql-all.sql.gz | docker exec -i mysql-db mysql -u root -psecret

# Restore PostgreSQL
gunzip < postgres-all.sql.gz | docker exec -i postgres-db psql -U app

# Restore Redis
docker cp dump.rdb redis-cache:/data/dump.rdb
docker exec redis-cache redis-cli CONFIG SET dir /data
docker exec redis-cache redis-cli DEBUG RELOAD

# docker-compose.mysql-replication.yml
version: "3.8"
services:
  mysql-master:
    image: mysql:8
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: rootpass
    volumes:
      - ./master.cnf:/etc/mysql/conf.d/replication.cnf
      - mysql-master-data:/var/lib/mysql
    ports:
      - "3307:3306"

  mysql-slave:
    image: mysql:8
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: rootpass
    volumes:
      - ./slave.cnf:/etc/mysql/conf.d/replication.cnf
      - mysql-slave-data:/var/lib/mysql
    depends_on:
      - mysql-master

volumes:
  mysql-master-data:
  mysql-slave-data:

# master.cnf
[mysqld]
server-id = 1
log_bin = /var/log/mysql/mysql-bin.log
binlog_do_db = mydb

# slave.cnf
[mysqld]
server-id = 2
relay-log = /var/log/mysql/mysql-relay-bin.log

# Trên master
docker exec mysql-master mysql -u root -prootpass 
  -e "CREATE USER 'replica'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'replicapass';"
docker exec mysql-master mysql -u root -prootpass 
  -e "GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO 'replica'@'%';"
docker exec mysql-master mysql -u root -prootpass 
  -e "FLUSH PRIVILEGES;"

# Lấy binary log position
docker exec mysql-master mysql -u root -prootpass 
  -e "SHOW MASTER STATUS;"

# Trên slave
docker exec mysql-slave mysql -u root -prootpass 
  -e "CHANGE MASTER TO 
    MASTER_HOST='mysql-master', 
    MASTER_USER='replica', 
    MASTER_PASSWORD='replicapass', 
    MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000001', 
    MASTER_LOG_POS=XXX;"
docker exec mysql-slave mysql -u root -prootpass 
  -e "START SLAVE;"

# Kiểm tra trạng thái slave
docker exec mysql-slave mysql -u root -prootpass \
  -e "SHOW SLAVE STATUS\G" | grep -E "Slave_IO_Running|Slave_SQL_Running"

# Tạo secrets (chỉ hoạt động trong Swarm mode)
printf "my-secret-pass" | docker secret create db_password -
printf "app-user" | docker secret create db_user -

# Dùng trong service
docker service create 
  --name mysql-db 
  --secret db_password 
  --secret db_user 
  -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db_password 
  -e MYSQL_USER_FILE=/run/secrets/db_user 
  mysql:8

version: "3.8"
services:
  db:
    image: mysql:8
    secrets:
      - db_password
      - db_user
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD_FILE: /run/secrets/db_password
      MYSQL_USER_FILE: /run/secrets/db_user

secrets:
  db_password:
    file: ./secrets/db_password.txt
  db_user:
    file: ./secrets/db_user.txt

services:
  mysql:
    image: mysql:8
    deploy:
      resources:
        limits:
          cpus: "2"
          memory: 2G
        reservations:
          cpus: "1"
          memory: 1G

services:
  postgres:
    image: postgres:15
    sysctls:
      - net.core.somaxconn=1024
      - vm.overcommit_memory=1
    # PostgreSQL trong container cần shared memory lớn hơn
    shm_size: 256mb